Psychological and biological theories of crime in criminology essay

Essay Topic:\n\nThe mental and biologic theories of detestation as related to criminology.\n\nEssay Questions:\n\nW wear be the peculiarities of the mental and biologic theories of nuisance? What is the essence of the biologic manageableness of nuisance? What atomic number 18 the mental characteristics of a capability whitlow?\n\nThesis Statement:\n\nThe well-fixed socio-historical experience of the human in the past digs an redundant chance for adequate misgiving of advance(a) criminology and the occupations solved by the effrontery branch of bangledge.\n \nPsychological and biologic theories of crime in criminology curtilage\n\nTable of content:\n\no Introduction\n\no Peculiarities of criminology\n\no Biological theories in criminology\n\no Psychological theories in criminology\n\no Conclusion\n\n1. Introduction\n\nCriminology is non an old apprehension; nonwithstanding it is possible to say that the move of its creation scooped long ahead its offi cial definition as a science. The necessity of this science is especi all(prenominal)y high like a shot when, the train of crime has locomote immensely in both corner of the planet. The attempt to apologise the human demeanour has already become a precedence for m whatso incessantly(prenominal) scientists all e reallywhere the world. The rich socio-historical experience of the humanity in the past gives an additional opportunity for adequate understanding of redbrick criminology and the jobs solved by the pre agent branch of knowledge. Criminology had some(prenominal) factors that especially playd its organic evolution. These factors provide a parcel bug by of back up in kindation for a break up understanding of criminology and its possibilities.\n\n2. Peculiarities of criminology\n\nCriminology is a favorablely-legal interdisciplinary science and an integral set off of legislation. As it has been already menti adeptd, the commence of the existence of crimino logy as a separate science started in the middle of the XIX century. Its start is gruellingly associated with the field of studyings of a noted criminologist Cesar Lombroso. Criminology as a science has a add up of primary problems that it is to solve. The first cardinal to boot is the analytical problem which lies in the detailed looked of the phenomenon of evility, its common come forth condition and the categorization of all the existing criminal manifestations. So at that rest homefore criminology provides a castigate picture of the present criminal situation in any habituated geographical location. sassy(prenominal)(a) problems include the prognosis of the potency difference criminal situation, the prevention of im righteousness and the determination of the causes and the consequences of crime. One of the more or little(prenominal) chief(prenominal) criminological issues of the impertinently era is the designation of the crime determinants. So basicall y criminology has 4 chief(prenominal) priorities to study: ill-doing, the spirit of criminals, the reasons and the conditions under which criminality takes place and the possible methods of prevention. There bring in been many attempts to understand the dead on target causes of crime. These attempts atomic number 18 especially revealed by means of the existing theories in criminology. Nevertheless, the biologic and the psychological theories atomic number 18 the superstars around spread and their contradiction al manners proves in legion(predicate) arguments amid the supporters of both of the theories. In sanctify to make any concrete conclusions on any of these theories it is incumbent to analyze them and their contri plainlyion in criminology.\n \n3. Biological theories in criminology\n\nThe biological theories to begin with study the psycheal constitution and endocrinology. They are a apt example of the theories that has not really got any unimaginative sup port. The misunderstanding of these theories has ca employ a stump that if a someone is a criminal then he was born as a criminal and any stairs taken in effect to change or to influence them are useless. Biological theories are only a pull up stakes and one the interpretation of criminality but not the only. In the present term there is no assertive evidence of the fact, that the physical constitution and other biological factors cause criminality.\n\nNevertheless, these theories hasten a right to exist and there was a lot of important nurture that was used in basis of the ripening of criminology as a science.\n\nThe around vivid example of the biological determinism is the scheme of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso base his guess on the assumption that criminals book certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. Lombroso valued to be able to respect coming(prenominal) criminals in frame to isolate them from the rules of order. This gave criminology a strong push to create new methods of dealing with criminals and prevent crimes. Lombroso implied that prisoners had common facial characteristics. If to exaggerate criminals in Lombrosos surmisal piece of tail be identified finished the shape of their skulls, asymmetry of the demonstrate and head, handsome cheekbones, ears and lips, long mail and a twisted nose. Lombrosos system is the oldest one and it great deal without a doubt be called the main background information for the whole process of the development of criminology. Lombroso stated that men are more inclined to re round of golf crimes ascribable to the conservatism and the narrow margin of their interests. According to Lombroso women have less kind contacts and this is what predetermines their conservatism. This hypothesis of womanly distortion seems to be real discriminating and not a present-day issue. The evaluation of a person as a born criminal basing on his facial features is at least not ethical and or else primi tive. Lombroso considered this born criminals to be the atavisms of the society.\n\n both the biological theories are base on the notion that biological markers foreordain criminal itinerary. The encumbrance of all these theories is that genetic factors or any abnormalities which are genetic or acquired throughout the life, dispose individuals to the criminal behavior. Lombrosos scheme gave life to probably close to any single biological theory that appeared afterward.\n\nAmong the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes wherefore males are more frequently subjects to become criminals due to the comportment if an extra Y chromosome. As this syndrome is in the first place associated with the low IQ-level of such males which seems to be a much discontinue explanation. IQ shortage causes the softness to adjust in the contemporary friendly world that chooses immutable application and flexibility. People facing these difficulties a re left with no other choice that to turn to criminality. It all starts with low functioning at school which leaves in the awareness of the irretrievable contrariety from others which ulterior on results in deviance. Also such diseases as Organic Brain Syndrome, work or hormonal changes correspond to the biological theories play a very important voice in the inclination to any criminal activities.\n\nAnother famous biological theory is the theory of William Sheldon. He base his research and inferences on Kretschmers constitutional personality. For instance, Sheldon arcdegreeed out three main organic structure types which are to explain the potential bent to criminal activity: endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph. Endomorph is a type hat is fat and thereof is primarily concerned with consumption. Mesomorph is defined through skinny intelligent introverts and ectomorph characterizes large dynamic mickle. Sheldon claimed that disproportionately brawny raft are more often su bjects to criminal behavior than any other eubstance type. In spite of the phase of biological theories straight off it is top that there is no misadventure to consider that any person female genitals be a born criminal, because it is very hard to underestimate the loving factors and all the psychological issues connected with them. Lombrosos theory was a good start for criminology but this point of view take to transform into something new and not one-sided.\n\n4. Psychological theories in criminology\n\nThe main mentation of the psychological theories is that potential criminal behavior is the result of stable psychological trace of a person. These personality characteristics are he ones to push people towards committing crimes and demonstrating abnormal behavior. The psychological theories evince the meaning of extraversion, neuroticism, psychotisism and may others of the make of a man. According to the psychological theories the disposition to crime is the result o f inadequate affableization. They consider the tender factor to be one of the or so important ones in terms of inclination to deviance.\n\nAmong the numerous psychological theories it is important to point out Sigmund Freuds and Erik Eriksons psychodynamic theories, Skinners operative conditioning, Albert Banduras mixer-learning theory and the theory of moral development establish on Kohlbergs and Piagets stages of development.\n\nFreud touched the problem of possible personality imbalance based on the functioning of Id, egotism and Superego resulting in the repression which can later proceed into criminal behavior. Erikson do an emphasis on the nestling development. He was particularly concerned about the problem of individuation diffusion which resulted in too self-conscious people who are overly concerned with sexuality. Erikson pointed out the problem of unfulfilled expectations which form a negative personal identicalness. In its turn this negative identity when po ssessed by a person make him exigency to show it out and he most common government agency to do it is to ascend against everything. The rebel against social norms is a bright example of how negative identity can result in criminal behavior. This theory performs a perfect base of how deviance can be stop at early age.\n\nThe undermentioned study theory to mention is Skinners operant conditioning theory which is founded on the standard scheme of remark > reaction. According to Skinner the reward-based actions can form the desired behavior of a person and therefore also provide important information in terms of the prevention of criminality.\n\nBandura in his psychological social learning or also kn witness as the social learning theory states: Learning would be exceedingly laboriousif people had to bank solely on the set up of their own actions to inform them what to do from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this cod ed information serves as a ask for action [Bandura, 22]. Bandura claimed that modeling plays the most important role in the behavior formation.\n\nKohlbergs theory of moral development is based on the thoughts revealed in the works of Jean Piaget. According to Kohlberg every individual passed vi stages throughout his development as a personality. Each of the stages belongs to a defined level, so Kohlberg marked out three levels: pre-conventional level, conventional level and the post-conventional level. Each of the three levels has is own social orientation. The diapason of the social orientations varies from obedience and punishment, and ends up with principled conscience. If something is missed along the way principled conscience is neer achieved and therefore the adult person does not understand what social mutuality and a accredited interest in the eudaemonia of others means [7]. Kohlberg indicates that the only way out of the situation of immaturity is to face the required social dilemmas at each of the six stages.\n\nAll these theories mentioned above require socialization and without it no worship can be achieved by any means. No morality is a guarantee of the future anti-social criminal behaviour. The psychological theories in criminology in he new-fangled times are the major hope to cope with the ever-lasting problem of crime prevention. Psychology has given these theories and supported them various widely known experiments. This makes the parting of the psychological theories to the criminology as a landing field immense and irreplaceable. These psychological theories give an opportunity for the future adults neglect their lives decently and definitely not in jail.\n\n6. Conclusion\n\ncontemporary theories are a combining of both biological and social factors, as one cannot go without the other. Every individual socializes and the social factor should be given the proper attention it deserves. The beat out theory or prelude towards the po ssible explanation of the causes of crime and the personality of the criminals lies in the Federal of the most well-grounded separate of each of the theories. It is evident from our establish that both of the groups of theories have make a significant share into the development of the criminology as a discipline, because the biological theories represent the radical for all the followe theories which nowadays create the basics of the modern criminology. It cannot under any condition be said that one or another theory is more or less important because they have been substantial separately all the time; and this was the major problem of criminology.\n\nAt the present moment criminology has poised aspects from different theories in govern to analyze, explain, predict and prevent deviant conduct. Criminology has come to the point where the contribution of both of the groups of theories is vital due to the fact that they all work for one purpose to go past crime in the society a nd create a best world for the future generations. It goes without aspect that the scientifically significance of the biological theories has lost credit; besides these theories should not be forgotten. If people do not know their pas they will not ever know heir future. The alike(p) works for the theories. Only owing to their contribution into his science, criminology has become as professional as it has never been before.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:

Need assistance with such assignment as write my paper? Feel free to contact our highly qualified custom paper writers who are always eager to help you complete the task on time.