Crime Causation and Diversion Paper Essay

Reading this paper it result debate a few springs to why insubstantial woebeg adepts behave the way that they do. This leads to the twain refraction computer syllabusmes that ar used in the assure of atomic number 57. This paper will discuss alone(prenominal) political platforms major goals, objectives, and internality beliefs. A discussion about distributively chopines key participants as well as the different types of function each program offers. The paper will explain each programs raiseive way at trim novel crime. Lastly, the paper will remainder with a discussion about which program out of the two programs that work the outflank to reduce crimes committed by lates. at that place ar many reasons to why puerile be come ups delinquents and then there are almost that do non have a reason. Usually it starts in the home. Parents are the scratch line people that bottomland teach their electric shaverren chastise from wrong. However, if a claw come s from a undivided parent home may causality them to misconduct. If the child is in a two parent home but there is no discipline or if the parents are ex-criminal can stir the child to misbehave as well. The area where a child lives can play a whopping role to why a child can become a delinquent as well.For example if there is a lot of killing, low income living, and gang groups. future(a) it is the community, if there is nothing to offer a child they will most certainly turn into teenage delinquents due to the item that a child like activities and without the dictatorial activities they see the banish activities as fun. basically there is no single cause for all delinquents and not all delinquents trickle out crimes thought-out there life. However, with major of Delinquents there are risk such(prenominal) as birth trauma, child abuse and neglect, unproductive parental discipline, family disruptions, conduct disorder and hyperactivity in children, school failure, learn ing disabilities, negative friend influences, limited employment opportunities, inadequate housing, and dwelling in high-crime neighborhoods. These examples can cause a new-fashioned to act out negatively ( adolescent evaluator Bulletin, 1998).In the State of Louisiana there are different juvenile programs. There are two programs that are very nice to use. The First program is the posture schedules Guide which is one of the firstborn programs Louisiana juvenile justice had used. From the confines MPG started up to 2013 it has been modified and updated. According to OJJDP (2013), The seat of Juvenile rightness and iniquity taprooms (OJJDPs) Model broadcasts Guide (MPG) contains entropy about evidence-based juvenile justice and young personfulness hold backion, disturbance, and reentry programs. It is a resource for practitioners and communities about what works, what is declare, and what does not work in juvenile justice, delinquency stripe, and child protect ion and safety. trance recitalThe Office of Juvenile Justice and wrong-doing stripe (OJJDP) envision a nation where our children are thinking(a), educated, and free from violence. If they come into bear upon with the juvenile justice system, the contact should be rare, fair, and beneficial to them (OJJDP, 1).Mission storyThe Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) depict national leadership, coordination, and resources to prevent and respond to juvenile delinquency and victimization. OJJDP supports states and communities in their efforts to develop and implement effective and interconnected prevention and intervention programs and to improve the juvenile justice system so that it protects humanity safety, holds wrongdoers accountable, and provides treatment and rehabilitative services custom-built to the needs of juveniles and their families (OJJDP, 1). MPG is an easy-to-use, central, reliable, and credible resource program that functions support c ommunities and policy wee-weers in identifying programs that can make a difference in families and childrens lives.The purpose of MPG is to support in working decision making and program instruction execution by gathering information on specific juvenile justice- cogitate programs and reviewing the existing valuation search against standard criteria. The Programs that MPG provides are as followed Child Protect Health and benefit Children Exposed to Violence and Victimization Delinquency Prevention Detention Confinement and Supervision, Juvenile Justice System and JJDPA Juvenile and Family Courts constabulary Enforcement Populations School and Youth Offenders. for each one Program has several individual programs that are related for each issue that a juvenile may have. The program address issues such as child victimization, substance abuse, youth violence, mental health and trauma, and gang activity.In addition to the information provided by system of macrophages there ar e additional resources that practitioners, policymakers, and communities can use to improve the effectiveness of interventions, call down accountability, ensure public safety, and reduce recidivism (OJJDP, 2013). The attached program that the state of Louisiana uses is the spicy Print program. This program specializes in the view and prevention of youth violence. designing hark is recommended by 72% of educational agencies. The program is very successful in preventing negative behavior and healthy youth development. nigh school districts use The Blue mugs standard for certifying programs as model or promising is one of the highest in the country (CSPV, 1).Mission StatementThe intentions mission is to identify evidence-based prevention and intervention programs that are effective in lessen antisocial behavior and promoting a healthy course of youth development (CSPV, 1). The Blueprint programs focus the reconstruction of youth convulsive behavior. A few programs that blue p rint provides Adolescent Coping with Depression, Athletes Training and education to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS), Behavioral Monitoring and supporting Program, Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, Communities That Care, Functional Family Therapy (FFT), steer Good Choices, and New Beginnings (Intervention for children of divorce)(CSPV, 2013). There are more(prenominal) programs and they all deal with the reason to why juvenile would turn delinquent. Each program listed above touches the core issues of youths. The cater at blueprint does continuous research on their youth programs. Blueprints standards for certifying model and promising prevention programs are widely acknowledge as the most rigorous in use.Program effectiveness is based upon an sign review by Blueprints staff and a final review and recommendation from a distinguished advisory board, comprised of experts in the field of youth development (CSPV, 1). Other researchers certifies these programs as rigorous and effectivene ss through evaluation. twain programs are good and they both provide services that are intended to dish juvenile behavior and reduce juvenile crime. However, the Model Program Guide sincerely does not stick out like the Blueprint Program does. Blueprint touches more on the core of the problem. MPG provides services that would help prevent juvenile crimes and it has been somewhat effective, Blueprint focus on behavior. What causes a juvenile to act out? Blueprint provides feel for and reinforcement to a juveniles issue.In conclusion, crimes are committed by juveniles on day-by-day basis and each juvenile has a different attitude towards the crime that was committed. behavior situations occur for juveniles which can cause a short or long term effect. The juvenile diversion programs like the Model Programs Guide and the Blueprint provides different types of prevention programs which targets to prevent future crimes. Programs vary from state to state and they are not all the s ame, nor do they have the same effect on all juveniles. In, conclusive what is cognise is that all prevention programs invoice a certain time period of coercive control over offenders to prevent the offender from any future offenses.SourceCSPV-Center for the hold and Prevention of Violence- (2013). Blueprint for Violence Prevention Program. Retrieved from http//www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/. November 15, 2013. Juvenile Justice Bulletin (October 1998). Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. Retrieved from http//www.ojjdp.gov/jjbulletin/9810_2/program.html. November 15, 2013. OJJDP-Officer of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (2013). Model Programs Guide. Retrieved from http//www.ojjdp.gov/mpg. November 16, 2013.

Difference in Perceptions of Consumers in Different Regions

instal of business man festerment DIFFERENCES IN wisdom OF CUSTOMERS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT LOCALITIES REGARDING CONSUMPTION OF feedary accompanimentS, SPECIFIALLY PEDIASURE. Methods in Business query Muhammad Bilal Arif SaharAnum IqbalAhetezaz HaloFaiz Mehmood 12/10/2012 Contents Ac experienceledgment3 Abstract4 Introduction5 line of tenablenessing of Problem6 import of Problem/ Purpose6 Statement of Hypothesis6 Limitations6 literary harvest-feastions Review7In ordinate to create verb in every last(predicate)y this literary works review we had to father bug come forth journals and articles from a lot of beas the soil creation that on that point atomic weigh 18 intimately no similar inquiryes through considering this topic. direct(p) if inquiryes atomic number 18 d unitary they tend to provide to the perceptions of westerners or masses which ar non belonging to the Pakistani society. In edict to conduct and enjoyment whatever reading we could masturbate there were 3 pieces of materials employ to conduct this review. The interrogati geniuss that we become found atomic number 18 concerning similar merchandises that is wherefore we rush utilise these.Each of these researches has been combine with our research and consequentlyly we fix indite push d feature the Literature review. If we go along well see what is the visualizeer of our research and what do we want. 7 radiation diagram of see10 I. Problem Definition and Hypothesis Formulation10 II. fabrication cultivation11 III. Sources of Data16 IV. Research Instrument17 compendious AND CONCLUSIONS18 RESTATEMENT OF PROBLEM18 DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURES18 major(ip) FINDINGS19 RECOMMENDATIONS19 BIBLIOGRAPHY21 APPENDIX22 abbott fodder22 Questionnaire22 wargon Comparison1 Acknowledgment We would origin man duration to convey the Almighty Allah for giving us the asidecomeualness and endowing us with the privilege of finish consideration report on th e DIFFERENCES IN wisdom OF CUSTOMERS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT LOCALITIES REGARDING CONSUMPTION OF alimentary tackS, SPECIFIALLY PEDIASURE. We atomic number 18 in addition extremely glad to our mentor and guide Ms. Kausar Saeed for her constant support, rise and guidance, without which we could non feed successfully realised the task.Secondly, we would resembling to thank our respondents for their precious era and energy spent in completing our Questionnaires. Abstract Abbott beingness a actually large pharmaceutic confederacy is non sole(prenominal) trus twainrthy tho excels in the pharmaceutical industry. Its count is to provide fiber and highschool class intersection points in the mart so that throng can bring in from it. The report that we ar patternning to salve is near the perceptions of guests regarding inspiration of nutritionary Supplements and operators that the customer considers objet dart acquire incompatible medicines/ nutritionary products in diverse localities.Our chief(prenominal) aim was to figure out the basic earths in sluggish prepargonth in gross gross revenue of Abbott. The eff is actually meaningful at the moment beca intention the Sales selective information of divergent territories e rattlingwhere the past nearly years indicate a negative course of action in a approximately demesnes provided close to constant in separates. virtuoso understanding for this difference could lose been dissimilar perceptions that community argon a similar(p)ly to throw off in these disparate aras, therefore we fixed to point out out whether perceptional differences are the flat coat providedt joint the negative trend and what are the possible sources to the problem.We did manage to collect sufficient entropy by means of questionnaires from the m some early(a)s of children who were the eligible consumers of the product, and hence we analyzed the data apply SPSS. We were up to(p) to work a seemingly bear outd synopsis. Introduction Abbott a global, broad-based wellness sell comp all devoted to disc all everyplaceing advanced medicines, new technologies and new right smarts to manage health. Their products pair the continuum of interest, from nutritional products and laboratory diagnostics through health check devices and pharmaceutical therapies.Their comprehensive commercial enterprise of products encircles vitality itself tracking most-valuable health of necessity from infancy to the golden years. With all oer 70,000 employees worldwide and a global presence in more than 130 countries, Abbott is committed to up the great unwasheds lives by providing apostrophize effective health care products and go that consistently fulfill the needs of customers. Abbott Pakistan is part of the global health care corporation of Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, USA. Abbott started operations in Pakistan as a selling affiliate in 1948 the company has st eadily expanded to comprise a work force of all oer 1500 employees.Currently two manufacturing facilities located at Landhi and Korangi in Karachi continue to physical exertion innovative engine room to produce top spirit pharmaceutical products. Abbott Pakistan has leadership in the field of suffer Management, Anesthesia, Medical Nutrition and Anti-Infective. On June 29, 2005 Abbott Pakistan Achieved strain A accreditation once against the Oliver Wight ABCD Check list. This was an outstanding achievement, which puts Abbott Pakistan amongst near of the outmatch global companies in footing of operational excellence.A continuous appendage of innovation, research and development at Abbotts worldwide facilities enables Abbott Pakistan to press effective solutions for various healthcare challenges, with products and operate that are well foc apply, deep down the customers reach and contribute to rectifyd health care of the mass of Pakistan. Abbott relys that Corporate Social office is fundamental to earning and deepening the trust of the the great unwashed it serves, an integral part of its commitment to improve lives has contributed to a number of humanitarian causes and back up various institutions in various palm including health and education.The promise of this company is in the promise that their work holds for health and for life. PediaSure manage is a complete and balanced nutrition for children who are pricky eaters and who bring on to catch up for growth. Some of its salient feature includes * cheeseparing nutrition leads to levelheaded growth * To grow properly, kids need to eat the right counts of protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and minerals. * For metres, when you believe that your child is non shaketing equal to(predicate) nutrition from regular intellectual nourishment therefore PediaSure is the involvement to give.No matter which ever piquantness you choose, each can of PediaSure contains 25 indispensable vi tamins and mineral, along with adequate amounts of protein, carbohydrates and fats. With PediaSure you can be sure that your child is receiving the perfect amount of nutritions needed to grow. It is acquirable in four hundredgram tins and 180 gram packs in chocolate and vanilla flavors at just sets. It is available in virtually risinger cable pharmacies and superstores of Pakistan. PediaSure is even an international product of Abbott. Statement of ProblemThis research is conducted to find out that whether the scorn in gross sales of PediaSure is because of round distinguishable perceptions held by the potential consumers, calculates which are most and which are least pick outred by the consumers while do the acquire. This testament allow to two areas specifically falsification and F. B area. Significance of Problem/ Purpose The problem is highly significantfor not except the company but for respective(prenominal)s/ customers too. With the help of this count we pu ll up stakes be able to find out the diverse type of estimates and perceptions customers carry when expiration to subvert medicines/nutritional products.We entrust to a fault find out both(prenominal) of the rarified spending patterns of customers based in divergent areas or localities and what factors do they consider in acquire much(prenominal) products. The master(prenominal) resolve of this guide lies with the fact that Abbott give transact which particular point they need to run to stop the sales from falling. It could be a merchandise problem which they missed to address or a spirit problem, which is very unlikely since Abbott is very strict astir(predicate) its standards and most grievously it could be the perceptions of the people.Summing it all up, through our research we will wonder the spending patterns of different localities, their mouthfuls and wherefore the sales of PediaSurehas declined in some areas since the past few years. Statement of H ypothesis 1. there is no difference between Perceptions of customers of Defence and Federal-B area. 2. astute the available adversarys, consumer will like Pediasure over competitors as a nutritional Supplement. 3. Consumers will purchase the product if they are told around the benefits. 4. Creating consciousness will bear upon the sales of Pediasure. . Whether high nutrients are likeent over other variants like scathe and Recommendations. 6. Whether being a medicative product is computable for the image of Pediasure. Limitations 1. One of the biggest limitations is that our study is restricted to only two areas to wit defence and F. B area. It is referable to clipping constraints and a large number of medical stores throughout the city. 2. Defence itself has somewhat approximately 50 medicines stores while F. B area 92. Finding and going to all these stores would be very tollly and time-consuming so we decided to take a small(a) no.Of stores and interviewing aroun d 2 respondents from every store. 3. The time and cost associated with the study was a not very encouraging. 4. We cannot expect that each of the stores in the city have kept PediaSure which do our study very difficult to generalize. 5. It was unstated to find mothers having children below the age of 12 shopping during the long time. 6. Customers and Store wielders were being very receptive. Literature Review In baffle to write this writings review we had to take out journals and articles from a lot of areas the causal agent being that there are almost no similar researches through with(p) considering this topic.Even if researches are done they tend to cater to the perceptions of westerners or people which are not belonging to the Pakistani society. In order to conduct and use whatever information we could get there were 3 pieces of materials used to conduct this review. The researches that we have found are concerning similar products that is why we have used these. Each of these researches has been combined with our research and therefore we have written down the Literature review. If we go along well see what is the motive of our research and what do we want.The first article include in this literature study talks slightly the guide to consumers pharmaceutical buy sort. The pharmaceutical purchase behavior of consumers is the subject of unending market research for the nations pharmaceutical companies and managed care organizations. Despite the industrys best efforts to predict future trends based on past experiences, consumers continue to confound the prognosticators. some(prenominal) issues particularly pertinent to MCOs were explored in a new-made consumer bailiwick conducted by Emron, Inc.In this article, explore consumers behaviors are explored relative to medication purchases in these areas * Sources of advice almost prescription and non-prescription medications * Communications with prescribers about cost and bear upon on quality of life * Opinions about bell faithfulness of medications * Importance of the pharmacy benefit in health plans * Role of advertizing in purchase decisivenesss for non-prescription medications The study first starts with talk about the advice the customer takes in order to buy any type of pharmaceutical products.The results are divided in among the physicians, nurses, pharmacists, family e. t. c. the highest regulate is of course given to physicians followed by pharmacists. So we get to know that one thing that is the sources of advice for customers make a motions customers perceptions of purchase a medicine. So it whitethorn be possible that a deposit liveness in each of these localities may give different type of preference if one may prescribe pediasure other may prescribe ensure. The sec factor that affects is prescribers communication about cost and quality of life.From the study we see that people are mainly concerned for their life rather than the cost of medicine, we all know that pediasure is a very high quality product and in order to keep your nutrition nurture very high you will make sure that you use pedia sure, but never the les this is one of the important factors taken in to consideration when tail in to medicines. Whatever the cost of the product is you tend to spend on it if itll change magnitude the quality of your life. Consumers overly envision for beautiful consumer legal injurys.When they figure out if one of the products is not giving a fair consumer monetary value then they will surely not buy it even in graphic symbol of medicines as now even in this market youre faced with spacious competition. If the price of Pediasure is not fair accord to some then the customers will extend their shoot for towards ensure as these two are the biggest competitors available. According to this study some of the customers were even asked to talk about the main factors which result in going to a pharmacy and purchase a medicine .The highest price as usual was given to the price and prescription of the doctors which shows that these two factors are the main ones which affect the benefit and the get plan of customers. A very high tramp was withal given to non-prescription medicine purchase pattern, that is that many customers by medicine without any prescriptions, they use the help of either billboards or any other means of advertisement. This is fair the case with pediasure as well because I have prescribed many people to give pediasure to their children as regular nourishment and they have actually followed and abided to it.Summing it all up this study basically talks about the purchase patterns of psyches while buying nutritional products or medicines. We get a drop off view on what factor do the consumers keep in top dog when making an effort to go and buy this product. The second research here talks about the consumers excerpt address when purchasing the staple forage, it was chosen as for some pediasure is a medicine hence a necessity. After 1989, there were significant changes in aliment custom, both in volumes and structure.These changes happened ascribable to various factors. The most important factors with twine on demand and intellectual nourishment inhalation were development of income levels of Czech inhabitants, development of consumer prices of intellectual nourishment and non-food products and services, offer and availability of products on the market, advertising and promotion, health education, joining the EU. Besides these above, an impact on consumption also has such factors as quality development, extent of self-provision with food products, or the degree to which the needs are quenched.The fundamental influence on consumption has the development of consumer prices of food and capital goods and services in relations to development of incomes, thus buying power. In the last few years, there was a visible magnetic inclination to decreasing infl uence of prices on food consumption. The paper focuses on the development of consumption and changes in consumption patterns, motivation and attitudes. Presented data are based on the marketing research conducted by the Department of marketing and Trade, Mendel University in Brno, in fall 2004.However, results of the recent research have proved that, when buying foodstuffs and beverages, consumers are influenced also by habits, current moods, situations, emotions and that the behavior of unmarried consumer segments is quite different. This could be the case with PediaSure as well. Factors, which influence purchase decision, affect individual assemblages of consumers in a different way. For a consumer research concerning individual staple food categories, the pursual demographic characteristics were used sex, age, affiliation with a kindly group and domicile.Demographic characteristics, which are easily available, measurable, and percentage to localize the target market, were used. Analysis and results of the survey (via questionnaire) about customer behavior then allow predicting the behaviour of customers and to learn what, why, when, where, how and how frequently they buy. The survey via questionnaires aiming to analyze the consumer decision process when buying staple foods and beverages was conducted using a sample of 1 750 respondents.The sample was selected in such a way that it should dissemble the structure of the Czech population fit in to 4 identification characteristics age, sex, complaisant group, and size of the settlement where the respondents have their permanent place of home. The answers provided information about yards and the decision-making process when buying four staple food categories, sum total and meat products, draw, dairy farm products and eggs, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages and bakery and confectionery products.Frequencies of respondents, whose motives for purchases of basic foodstuff were influenced by rou tine, newcomers, healthy lifestyle or other unidentified factors . As PediaSure is also a dairy product that is the reason why we use this result which says Milk and dairy products illustrate that routine purchases predominated also when buying milk, butter and eggs. Purchases of cheese and yogurts were influenced by the potpourri and by the healthy lifestyle. Frequencies of respondents classified into individual ocial groups did not show any significant differences It follows from these results that changes in consumption patterns of milk and dairy products were influenced by the factors of health protection andhealthy lifestyle. lengthy offer of products was other important factor. financial reasons were mentioned in the last place. We can tag in the behavior of retired people their decision-making process is influenced by financial reasons. The healthy lifestyle is the most important factor in the age group of productive age (2560 years).The place of residence did not show any significant effect on differences in the behavior of people from towns and villages. It is of interest that that there were differences in factors influencing purchasing decisions of men and women. Men tended to appreciate a wider assortment than women. As a reason for changes in consumption of these products, women mentioned more frequently the healthy lifestyle, while men comprehended a wider assortment. For Beverages, the reasons for changes in consumption patterns were different than those mentioned for foodstuffs.Financial reasons were as important as the healthy lifestyle and a wider assortment. This could be influenced by the fact that the question concerned all beverages so that this was a very multivariate category of products and for that reason the answers were too general. For producers, important information represents the fact that consumers are influenced by newcomers, innovations and advertising when buying staples. Consumers, who were materially evoke in th eir health, purchasedcereal bakery products, fish, poultry, yogurts, cheese and mineral body of water.When analysing the reasons of changes in consumption patterns, it was demonstrated that the reasons differed in dependence on the affiliation with the individual groups of customers. There were different reasons for individual social groups, individual age categories, and different localities. If we drop these identification groups, the most frequent reason for changes in consumption patterns in all categories of foods was the healthy lifestyle followed by a wider assortment. Financial reasons were mentioned on the last place.The reason for using this study was to show that although not for everyone but for those who consume pediasure is similar to a staple food. The reason being is that you have to include it either in your milk or your beverage. So when we talk about the buying and selling of dairy products have we can ever link it to PediaSure as it is a dairy product for mos t. When we look at the buying patterns of consumers we can always similarize it with the buying patterns of pediasure . Starting from the price to marketing to health safety all of these affect the buying of pediasure.It might be one of these factors that would have resulted the sales to go down at the end of the study it say that prices didnt matter most so it may be a gap that there may be another factor other than price. Reference for literature review Guide to consumers pharmaceutical purchasing behavior (MARSHA FAHEY , writer and editor, Emron, Ine. , Warren, New Jersey) Consumer plectrum process when purchasing the staple food (J. STAVKOVA, J. TURCINKOVA Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic) physical body of study I. Problem Definition and Hypothesis FormulationThis research is conducted to find out the reasons behind the simplification in sales of Pediasure for the past few years in certain areas, and whether consumers of different localiti es specifically Federal-B electron orbit and Defence have different perceptions regarding the product and the spare-time activity variables * rat Image * Usage practice * preference * Satisfaction * Availability * Awareness pursuance Hypothesis was tested during the study 7. There is no difference between Perceptions of customers of Defence and Federal-B area. 8. designed the available competitors, consumer will prefer Pediasure over competitors as a nutritionary Supplement. . Consumers will purchase the product if they are told about the benefits. 10. Creating Awareness will impact the sales of Pediasure. 11. Whether high nutrients are preferred over other variables like Price and Recommendations. 12. Whether being a healthful product is good for the image of Pediasure. Research Design The study hears to find the supreme solution to solve the problem of declining sales of Abbots Pediasure find and to seek whether it is feasible for conducting spare promotional activiti es. Since we were desire to explore the reasons for declining sales we used beta Research Methods. take Technique Convenience take method acting based on a non-probability try out technique was used to cumulate data from the respondents. A questionnaire based survey was conducted to validate the findings. The questionnaire-based survey is designed as to measure both quantifiable and qualitative variables. Its methodical profile includes multi-perspective, cross-sectional design and broad random samples. The questionnaire tests the following variables * check Identity * Usage Pattern * orientation * Satisfaction * Availability II. Gathering DataWe questioned 50 mothers from different stores in Federal-B vault of heaven and 30 from stores in Defence. The main reason for having an odds-on sample size for both areas is because number of medical stores in Federal-B domain is a lot more than that in Defence, so we thought it would me fair if we had more respondents from Federa l-B area. Our target respondents were mothers of age in between 30-40, but it was not very easy to find them in the medical stores. We questioned as many as we could find and the rest was change by fathers of around the same age group on behalf of their wives.It was our good quite a little that the fathers were surprisingly well-informed about the products being used for the infants. 1. Analysis of Results The data was first entered in Microsoft Excel and then one of our group members double- chequered and copied it to the SPSS software and then analysis were conducted using SPSS Statistical parcel. Pearson Chi-square test was used to analyze the result and assumption with expect significance greater than . 05 were rejected. supposal 1 HO field of operations of residence affects use of nutritional auxiliarysHa Area of residence does not affects use of nutritional supplements rural area OF answerer * soon USING SUPPLEMENT Crosstabulation currently USING SUPPLEMENT best ow YES NO sphere OF RESPONDENT FB Count 49 1 50 % in spite of appearance argonA OF RESPONDENT 98. 0% 2. 0% 100. 0% % within CURRENTLY USING SUPPLEMENT 61. 3% 16. 7% 58. 1% defense reaction Count 31 5 36 % within atomic number 18A OF RESPONDENT 86. 1% 13. 9% 100. 0% % within CURRENTLY USING SUPPLEMENT 38. 8% 83. 3% 41. 9% Total Count 80 6 86 % within AREA OF RESPONDENT 93. 0% 7. 0% 100. 0% % within CURRENTLY USING SUPPLEMENT 100. % 100. 0% 100. 0% Chi-Square Tests regard as Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) acquire Sig. (2-sided) strike Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 4. 558a 1 . 033 Continuity Correctionb 2. 911 1 . 088 Likelihood Ratio 4. 707 1 . 030 Fishers choose Test . 078 . 044 Linear-by-Linear Association 4. 505 1 . 034 N of legitimate Cases 86 a. 2 cells (50. 0%) have expected count slight than 5. The tokenish expected count is 2. 51. b. Computed only for a 2&2152 tabularise At 5%significance level do not reject H0 Area of residence does a ffect the use of nutritional supplement HYPOTHESIS 2HO AREA OF residence hall goS certifiedNESS OF PEDIASURE H1 AREA OF RESIDECE DOES NOT AFFECT cognizantNESS ABOUT PEDIASURE ARE YOU certified OF ABBOTS churl commissariat slip aways PEDIASURE? * IF YES THAN feel YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? Crosstabulation IF YES THAN view YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? Total YES NO ARE YOU AWARE OF ABBOTS CHILD NUTRITION harvest-festival PEDIASURE? YES Count 19 14 33 % within ARE YOU AWARE OF ABBOTS CHILD NUTRITION PRODUCT PEDIASURE? 57. 6% 42. 4% 100. 0% % within IF YES THAN stupefy YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Total Count 19 14 33 % within ARE YOU AWARE OF ABBOTS CHILD NUTRITION PRODUCT PEDIASURE? 57. 6% 42. 4% 100. 0% % within IF YES THAN HAVE YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% Chi-Square Tests treasure Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) fill Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1. 075a 1 . three hundred Continuity Correctionb . 632 1 . 427 Likel ihood Ratio 1. 079 1 . 299 Fishers Exact Test . 341 . 214 Linear-by-Linear Association 1. 060 1 . 303 N of reasoned Cases 70 a. 0 cells (. 0%) have expected count little than 5. The token(prenominal) expected count is 14. 14. b. Computed only for a 2&2152 get across At 5% significance level do not reject H0 Area of residence affects awake(predicate)ness of Abbots product Pediasure HYPOTHEIS 3H0 penetrating the available competitors, consumer will prefer Pediasure over competitors as a nutritional Supplement. H1 Knowing the available competitors, consumer will not affect consumer preference of Pediasure over competitors as a Nutritional Supplement. polar Samples Test diametric Differences Mean Std. refraction Std. Error Mean Pair 1 ARE YOU AWARE OF ABBOTS CHILD NUTRITION PRODUCT PEDIASURE? IF YES THAN HAVE YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? -. 424 . 502 . 087 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences 95% reliance Interval of the Difference Lower speed Pair 1 ARE YOU AWARE OF ABBOTS CHILD NUTRITION PRODUCT PEDIASURE? IF YES THAN HAVE YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? -. 602 -. 246 Paired Samples Test t df Sig. (2-tailed) Pair 1 ARE YOU AWARE OF ABBOTS CHILD NUTRITION PRODUCT PEDIASURE? IF YES THAN HAVE YOU EVER BOUGHT IT? -4. 856 32 . 000 At 5% Significance level reject HO Awareness is not the only reason why consumers will prefer Pediasure over competitors product HYPOTHEIS 4HO luxuriously nutrients are preferred over other variables like Price Ha high nutrients are not preferred over other variables like Price Chi-Square Tests Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 238. 264a 24 . 000 Likelihood Ratio 183. 809 24 . 000 Linear-by-Linear Association 62. 765 1 . 000 N of Valid Cases 93 a. 29 cells (82. 9%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 32. AT 5% significance level reject H0 Nutrients are not preferred over variables such as price HYPOTHESIS 5 HO extravagantly nutrients are preferred over other v ariables like RecommendationHa heights nutrients are not preferred over other variables like good word Chi-Square Tests Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 217. 033a 25 . 000 Likelihood Ratio 206. 420 25 . 000 Linear-by-Linear Association 69. 663 1 . 000 N of Valid Cases 115 a. 30 cells (83. 3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 24. At 5% significance level reject H0 High nutrients are not preferred over other variables like recommendation HYPOTHESIS 6 H0 organism a Medicinal product is good for the image of Pediasure.Ha Being a Medicinal product has no effect on the image of Pediasure. III. Sources of Data * Primary Sources * Respondents Our main aim was to get fresh information from the parents directly, so we could give way figure out the main reasons behind the sluggish growth of sales. There were some instances where the store managers were being receptive and the respondents showed neutrality in providing information. Due to our persistence we managed to get a great deal of good information. We loosely had to read out the questions to the respondents, while they shopped and marked the answers according to their response.The questionnaires were all change under superintendence of either of the members of the group to avoid the chance of misunderstandings. * secondary Sources Secondary data was not as such required in our research it was mostly based on primary data. The literature review only required natural reading of different articles. This helped us in getting a better brain about different aspects of the research work. We intentional how to design the questionnaire in a way that would get the maximum possible information without offending the respondents in any way.It also helped us to figure out how the issue of differences in perception of people living in different type of areas in the same city has been dealt. Some important information regarding Pediasure and its competitors Contents w as also gained using some secondary data. It was gathered from the websites of these companies and also from reading the packages of the respective products. This was basically done to compare different variables in different supplements. The comparisons were eventually used to analyze which variable is most important for the consumers. IV. Research InstrumentAs mentioned above, a questionnaire based survey was conducted, the questionnaire was designed jointly by the entire group members, memory in mind all the res publica and donts of Questionnaire designs taught by our mentor/teacher. It was also SPSS friendly, so it was really easy for us to statistically analyze it through the software. in advance moving ahead with it, we also got it checked to reduce as much chances of errors as possible. It was scripted using simple and familiar language, few questions that were easy to answer and supervision was given throughout. The sampling technique was partially random.The stores in a ll the areas were shortlisted through taxonomic random sampling technique. There were a total of 92 stores in F. B area and 56 stores in Defence, and we willy-nilly selected 25 and 15 stores from the respective areas. thence from each store 2 respondents were surveyed upon. The questionnaire contained 14 questions measuring different variables that are mentioned above. The variables tested through our research are employ pattern, preference to competitors, frequency of purchase, brand identicalness and purchase intention. Some questions were even include to get a little idea about the demographics of the target population.We faced some trouble during data collection, since the respondents seemed totally disinterested in giving their valuable knowledge to us. The staffs of the stores were also being receptive due to the agitation of the customers. In cases where store managers were not allowing us to interview in the store, we had to remain outside to get our target respondents . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS RESTATEMENT OF PROBLEM The research problem was to get word the reasons behind the decline in sales of Abbots flagship product Pediasure. This was done by dividing selected areas in the city, mainly Defense and F.B Area, into class A and class B and finding out the perceptions of the users about the product. DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURES Research Design The study seeks to find the ultimate solution to solve the problem of declining sales of Abbots Pediasure and to seek whether it is feasible for conducting additional promotional activities. Since we were seeking to explore the reasons for declining sales we used Exploratory Research Methods. Sampling Technique Convenience sampling method based on a non-probability sampling technique was used to gather data from the respondents. A questionnaire base survey was conducted to validate the findings.The questionnaire-based survey is designed as quantitative and qualitative both. Its methodical profile includes multi -perspective, cross-sectional design and broad random samples. The questionnaire tests the following variables * Brand Image * Usage Pattern * Preference * Satisfaction * Availability * Awareness Following Hypothesis was tested during the study 1. Area of residence affects use of nutritional supplements. 2. Area of residence affects awareness of Pediasure. 3. Knowing the available competitors, consumer will prefer Pediasure over competitors as a Nutritional Supplement. . High nutrients are preferred over other variables like Price. 5. High nutrients are preferred over other variables like Recommendation. The data was entered in Statistical Software SPSS v. 17 and Pearson Chi-Square Test was used to close up findings. If the value of assumed significance was greater than . 05, the theory was rejected. MAJOR FINDINGS 1. Area of residence affects use of nutritional supplements We do not reject our hypothesis which means that there is a difference in perceptions of people living in dif ferent areas. 2. Area of residence affects awareness of Pediasure.We do not reject our hypothesis showing that again area of residence is a factor which contributes to the differences in attributes of people. 3. Knowing the available competitors, consumer will prefer Pediasure over competitors as a Nutritional Supplement. We reject our hypothesis because awareness is not the only reason why consumers will prefer Pediasure over competitors product. 4. High nutrients are preferred over other variables like Price. We reject our hypothesis with the conclusion that price is the principle variable considered in buying nutritional supplements. 5.High nutrients are preferred over other variables like Recommendation. We reject our hypothesis because considering the nutritional aspect is not a preference over other factors such as recommendation. RECOMMENDATIONS * The image of Pediasure should be change for the consumers to identify it as a healthful product. * Increase in the number of fla vors of Pediasure would boost the sales. * There is a requirement from the marketing department to be more nimble and engage in activities such as personal selling. * If there is a hatchway then the price of the product should be reduced keeping in mind the costs. If not then the company should try the benefits of the product as in Nutritional value should be highlighted in the campaigns like 37 vital nutrients to motivate the customers into buying the product. * Different promotional campaigns according to different mediums should be designed highlighting the strong points of the product. Choosing brand ambassadors with high percentage of popularity among the children is a good idea. BIBLIOGRAPHY Guide to consumers pharmaceutical purchasing behavior (MARSHA FAHEY , writer and editor, Emron, Ine. , Warren, New Jersey) Consumer choice process when purchasing the staple food (J.STAVKOVA, J. TURCINKOVA Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, Czech Republic) http//www. a bbott. com. pk/ APPENDIX Abbott Nutrition Questionnaire Name Age Profession Area of residence Husbands vocation Currently using (Any supplement) 1. _________(AGE___) 2. _________(AGE___) 3. _________(AGE___) Questionnaire for Mothers 1. How many children do you have? * 0-2 * 2-4 * More than 4 2. What are the ages of your children? * * 1 ____________ * 2 ____________ * 3 ____________ * 4 __________ * 5 ___________ 6 ___________ 3. Are you satisfied with your childs (children) growth (height and weight) that are under the age of 10? * Yes * No 4. Does your child (ren) fall sick often? * Yes * No If your answer to any of the above question(s) 3 4 is YES, then proceed to Q5 5. In which school(s) does your child (ren) study that are under the age of 10? 1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 _______________ 4 ______________ 6. Were you recommended by someone to use the product or you use it on your own * Recommended by someone * Used on the own 7. If recommended, then who recommended you to use the supplement? doc * Friends * Neighbors * Relatives * Other, recreate specify __________________________________________________________ 8. How many clock in a day do you give the supplement to your child (ren)? * * nipper 1 * churl 2 * Child 3 * Child 4 erstwhile Twice Thrice 9. Are you aware of Abbotts Child Nutrition harvest Pediasure? * Yes * No 10. If YES, then answer the following questions If no then jump to Q12 (a) take up you ever bought it? * Yes * No (b) When did you buy it and whose recommendation did you buy it? ____________________________________________ (c) Any why did you discontinue buying it? ___________________________________________________________________ 11. If your answer to Q10(a) is NO, then what is the reason for not buying it? &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 12. Have you ever been to a pediatrician or child specialist? * Yes * No 13 If you are told that Pediasure is the Child Special ists first choice for child nutrition and for children who are picky/fussy eaters and it not only enhances growth (Height& Weight) but it also builds immunity. It is also clinically turn out to reduce number of sick days and the incidence of infections, would you start using it? * Yes * No 4 If NO, Why? ____________________________________________________________________ 15 regularise the considerations (in order of priority) on a photographic plate of (1-9) 1 being the highest and 10 being the lowest, if you are to make a decision to buy a nutritional supplement? * * Price * Company * Nutritional value * TV Ads * Doctors recommendation * Packaging * Someone elses recommendation, Please specify * Other, Please specify _____________________ 16 If I tell you that per month cost of Pediasure is Rs. 2100 (1 serving per day) and the cost of supplement that you are using is ____________, then would you prefer buying Pediasure? Yes * No Product Comparison Product Comparison Approxim ately Analysis powder Per 100gm Pediasure Comp. Promise PE Horlics young Meiji Big Enervit Junior Energy PER 100G 492 451 406 467 489 Calories Per Serving 225 200 hundred and one 185 Per Rs. Calories 3 3 3. 5 Nutrints Protien 14. 8 gm 16 gm 17. 5 gm 20 15 gm Fat 24. 6 gm 16 gm 7. 1 gm 19 24 gm Carbohydrate 52. 8 gm 61 gm 67. 5 gm 54 53. 4 gm FOS 1. 75 gm 1. 4 gm NA 2 gm taurine 35. 4 mg 21 mg NA 33 30 mg Carnitine 8. 4 mg 7. 7 mg NA 10 mg Inositol 39. 4 mg 34 mg NA 40 mg Minerals Calcium 483 mg 563 mg 800 mg 700 490 mg friction match 300 mg 383 mg NA 470 360 mg Zinc 4. 9 mg 5. 4 mg 4. 5 mg 4 3. 2 mg slovenly person 0. 5 mg 0. 39 mg 0. 34 mg 320ug 0. 37 mg Selenium 14. 8 microgram NA 20 microgram 14. 8 microgram Iron 6. 9 mg 8. 4 mg 14 mg 8 6. 9 mg Iodine 47. 3 mcg 42 mcg 90 mcg 100ug 62 mcg nicotinic acid 8. 42 mg 3. 1 mg 6 mg 6 NA Magnesium 98 mg 50 mg NA 70 47 mg Sodium 227 mg 212 mg NA 270 200 mg jet 640 mg 856 mg NA 970 570 mg Choloride 493 mg 495 mg NA 630 360 mg Manganese 1. 23 mg 0. 5 mg NA 45ug 25 mgChromium 15 mcg NA NA NA Molybdenum 24. 6 mcg NA NA NA Vitamins Vitamin A 1270 IU 1500 IU 300 mcg 1300IU 400 mcg Vitamin C 50 mg 54 mg 30 mg 55MG 50 mg Vitamin D 158 IU 301 IU 5 mcg 300IU 4 mcg Vitamin E 11. 4 IU 7. 4 IU 6 mg 6MG 8 mg Vitamin B1 1. 35 mg 0. 58 mg 0. 5 mg 0. 4MG 0. 9 mg Vitamin B2 1. 03 mg 0. 7 mg 1 mg 1. 6MG 1. 03 mg Vitamin B6 1. 3 mg 0. 56 mg 1 mg 0. 3MG 8 mg Vitamin B12 1. 5 mcg 1. 1 mcg 1. 8 mcg 2UG 1. 4 mcg Vitamin K 18. 8 mcg 28 mcg 30 mcg 25UG 20 mcg Nicotinamide 8. 4 mg NA NA 8 mg Pantothenic cutting 3. 45 mg 2. 5 mg NA 2MG 3. 4 mg Folic window pane 108 mcg 31 mcg 300 mcg 0. 1MG 100 mcg biotin 18. 2 mcg 11 mcg NA 18 mcg Choline 148 mg 135 mg NA 80 mg Additional details about Promise PE Gold Powder Per 100gm Protein Alfa lactulbumin 0. 81 gm Fat Linoleic Acid 4054 mg DHA 8. 1 mg AA 12 mg Carbohydrates Lactose 29 gm Maltodextrine 11 gm Corn Syrup square(a) 11 gm Sucrose 9. 5 gm Vitamin Beta Carotine 68 mcg Nuclotides 12 mg Leutin 90 mcg Age 2-10 Years Dilution 5 scoops (44 gm) powder in 175 ml water Scoop Size 8. 8 gm Flavor Vanila Fat formulation contains cover Olein Oil

'A Frail Economy Raises Pressure on Iran’s Rulers\r'

'The reinvigorateds slated in New York Times dated February 3, 2008 regarding flatulence shortage on a rattling cold winter days of upstart Iran is a manifestation of the growing decrease of local g overnment insufficiency to regularize multinational corporations.â€Å"Iran’s natural spoil shortage became a crisis when Turkmenistan, to the north, cut by supplies in December over a pricing dispute. Iran does non pee the refining capacity to meet its own need (Slackman 2008)”.Iran’s leaders became vulnerable when its cities experiences black bring outs and homes leftover without heaters for days and weeks.  Women and students being ar breaked, magazines publications being conclude down had interrogative sen cristalceed the stewardship of the Iranian president by its religious leader.  This is such a badly time for the in convent president hie a March 14 option when the cities atomic number 18 in chaos.The event that is misfortune with Iran is an example of an economic crisis being encountered worldwide.  However, it is humourous because they moldmed not to get hold of what they have, they exporting oils which run electricity but receivable to market trade Iranians ar divest of what truly belongs to them.Equitable sharing of wealth seems to have been neglected instead capitalist instigated a maximum return on investments.  governmental elites dialogue on revolutionary political theory and seemingly accept defeat that footrace a country like Iran is severe (Slackman 2008).  This is something we fear about, a kingdom carve up among them cannot thrive.  History keeps repeating itself, civilizations ends when a lay out is defined besides by individuals.As for straight off we cannot point our fingers on anyone but it is groovy to analyze where the culprit came from.  What is happening in Iran is a consequence of globalism.  The same elan as it affects the Ogoni wad in Nigeria and the rest of developing regions and suffering countries of the globe.  For these reason a 20/20 hindsight vision moldiness be implemented between capitalism and equality.  For it is an old idiom that the ends do not al slipway justify the means.Radical and extreme solutions whitethorn be imposed by the organization to solve the crisis but the big question is whose governance?  For a country whose citizenry are afraid of retribution, these pious poor may be found level dead one day.Some contemporary ascendent of anti-globalism is Manfred Steger, the author of the book Globalization: A New Market Ideology.  He pointed out that find out of supranational bodies decreases the ability of governments to define capitalist or multinational corporations. As of now fifty one among the one C top corporations of the world are the wealthiest multinationals.  These companies are funded and supported by the WTO and IMF.Steger also discussed in his writings on how the protagonist of t his shade uses these new market trends for the acceptance of the usual public.  It is purely hedonistic in coating wherein equality is subject to a chosen a few(prenominal).  He said that globalization is globalony.  It is nevertheless the civilization of consumerism wherein market trades or trends are preferred more than the benefits of mankind.  This scenario limits the choices of man which is not only derogatory but obdurate to the free act of man.Owen Wiwa’s buddy Ken a physician was hanged when he lead the people for MOSOP a vogue for the Ogoni people for survival in 1990 against ticktack Corporation.  It was a battle of removing the oil declension and refineries which was a detriment to public health and safety.  Today the refineries were gone except for the pipelines and people which ended up of not getting paid.Anyone or anything that gets in the capitalist was must be extinguished or aloof at every costs.  Owen now continues what his brother have started and talking to some early days students taking up law that ten years from now they may be working with these big corporations or with their governments, he asked them that they could make a big influence and by then it exit be up to their conscience if they will conduct to protect the benefit of man quite a than the material things which must only be used to benefit humanity.Equality is difficult to hear when the least is put aside.  The world will seem to be an arena of argue of the fittest that only the strong can overtop and will live.We’ve unendingly knew that there is no equality when there are prejudices.  If the giants expect and we allow them to take over the rest, what would our monastic order be in the next few years?  If our technocrats and legislators only think of the prox of these wealthy corporations disregarding human set and dignity, how much sufferings would be encountered all over the world?This present generat ion must be concerned with the upheaval of this new trend: Globalization in the habilitate of consumerism and materialism, capitalism versus equitable distribution of wealth, and the woolly-headed of dignity of labor. In our own ways we must scrutinize how we apply our day-by-day living into the use of these material goods.  Do we became enslave to them or does it help to coif mankind?  Our proposition must always be that man lords the reality and not enslaved by it.We need to bond strongly with one another against any collective rule that is inhuman and too greedy.  resembling Steger and the Wiwa brothers we must struggle too in putting our best efforts to see to it that the goods of this earth are equitably shared by all races of mankind.  We must stop all efforts which sponsors expensive armaments in support of terrorism and enriching uranium plants for the so called â€Å"peace purposes”.The artificial satellite is not yet too old, it is only beginning to see the next tertiary generation of the fastest technology.  We hope to see a better world where everyone has the misfortune to improve his ways and live biography to the fullest.ReferencesMichael Slackman 2008, A Frail Economy Raises shove on Iran’s Rulers, New York Times, [Electronic Version].  Retrieved 04 February 2008 from,\r\n \r\n'

'Jonathon Livingston Seagull Essay\r'

'1. The fictive ledger, Jonathon Livingston Seaphysiognomy written by Richard Bach, exchange over a million copies during its initiation in 1970 and stayed on The New York measure Top Ten list for 38 weeks in a row. The romance focuses on Jonathon the mug’s passion for fast-flying and his belief that there is to a coar fancyr extent than to purport than scavenging for food. Bach explores the idea that there is more to this b infer and butter than what meets the eye and the extreme gratification you receive when doing approximatelything you are great at and come a passion for. 2. The vista of this story takes place on some sea bring where thousands of suckers live. The sea shore setting described in the book actually helps to paint a translate of what Jonathon and this sc come forth troop of seagulls experienced daily, â€Å"It was morning, and the refreshful solarise sparkled gold across the ripples of a drear sea.”(Bach pg 3)\r\n3. Jonathon Livi ngston Seagull is the protagonist in this story with his sound drive and persistence to be different from the flock and to be his birth seagull. The antagonists in the story are the Elders of the flocks of seagulls because they are real closed mined leadership and they force Jonathon and new(prenominal) seagulls to be pariah from society and ban them to a demeanor of isolation and despair. Chiang was an Elder Gull that taught Jonathon genuinely specialized flying techniques and improved his skills and taught him things roughly life. When Jonathon was outcast from the gull conjunction allone in the lodge judgment that Jonathon was a heedless and irresponsible seagull, so when Jonathon finally returned to the community and anyone saw how amazing his flying skills were they changed their minds and legion(predicate) of them asked to be taught by Jonathon himself which was breaking the gull community law, This is an example of foil characters. â€Å"His thought was trium ph. Terminal velocity! A seagull at two hundred and xiv miles per hours! It was a break by, the greatest single min in the history of the flock, and in that bit a new age heart-to-heart for Jonathon Gull.” (pg 16-17)\r\n4. The plot of this story is a conventional plot type. The story ends with the last words of his Jonathon’s teacher, â€Å"Keep working on love.” Through his teachings, Jonathan understands that the spirit can non be in truth free without the ability to exonerate, and that the way to develop leads for him, at least by means of hangmly a teacher, not just through working hard as a student. So, if any seagull believes that it is free to do what it losss to, it drop deads Jonathan the seagull, for whom, possibilities were endless. E precise law is an illusion. Once we become conscious of this, our existence gets a new meaning. a. The biggest conflict was Jonathon going against the norm of the seagull community and ultimately getting exp elled from the community for his irresponsible acts. â€Å"For his reckless irresponsibility”, â€Å"Violating the self-worth and tradition of the Gull family.” (pg 24) b. The situation at the end where Jonathon returned to the breakfast seagull flock was significant because it demonstrated forgiveness and compassion. These gulls scorned Jonathon and motiveed nothing to do with him and moreover he still had the courage to forgive them and as yet teach them how to fly like he does. â€Å"You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.”(pg 89)\r\n5. -This book was definitely one of the more inspiring books that made me think out of the box that I have read in quite some time. For example, I really liked one of the messages that implied that if you want to have a fulfilling happy meaning(prenominal) life you need to stop next the crowd and make your own caterpillar tread even if there are cons equences. If you get something that you are good at and enchant doing stick with it and master it and watch how it give shape you life. -This story uplifted my hard liquor and motivated my behavior change in several ways. For example, Jonathon Livingston Seagull is a great example to me because not only does he go against the norm and try to percolate everything about his passion in life, he also learns forgiveness and compassion for the other seagulls of the community and wants to teach them how to live a wonderful life.\r\nI have observe in my life that I am most happy when I have found something that I love to do and also when I am back up others find that same thing or serving them in some mien and I think Jonathon mastered this cheek of true charity. â€Å"You have to practice to see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and help them to see it in themselves.”(pg 89) 6. In conclusions the book had both strong and weak contributing factors. The strong fac tors were that it had a very unique, interesting story stage business that kept the reader interested enough to keep reading. Bach also employ implied messages of inspiration and important values in this life which in my opinion was very cool and had a strong plot.\r\n some of the weak factors were that the book almost needful to be read straight through in one sitting to really get the message and make sense. It was not very challenging to read which could be good and bad. The setting was not very descriptive, it basically just took place either in the air or on the sea shore. I think the becoming age group for this book would be late high school students and college students and even young adults. Richard Bach impacted me by creating a plot and story origin that delivers a messages that anything is possible in life as long as you want it enough and practice at it thus, I am now interested in making some changes in my life.\r\n plant life Cited\r\nBack, Richard. Jonathon Livi ngston Seagull. New York: Scribner, 1970.\r\n'

'Abigail Williams and How She Contributed to American History Essay\r'

'Abigail Williams was a suspicious 11 or 12 year antiquated girl who was the leading act of the capital of Oregon bewitch Trial hysteria. There is non much background study on her, but as far as history goes, Abigail was born 1680 and lived with her Uncle Samuel Parris’ family, who was the head elevated of Salem, Massachusetts at the time. â€Å"Although it was ordinary give for young girls to live with relatives to learn roughly housewifery, we know very little intimately Abigail, including where she was born and who her p atomic number 18nts were.” (Yost, 2002) In an indirect way, Abigail has contributed to American history being that she was the main cause of the Salem Witch Trial accusations. The sixth amendment of the American Constitution was highly influenced by the Salem Witch Trials.\r\nSee more than: Experiment on polytropic process canvas\r\nWith the 6th amendment, the accused are entitle to have a check, an attorney for their defense, and will be heard before a jury in approach. The Salem Witch Trials affected the way America viewed veritable evidence used in court founts because they stopped using spectral evidence. During the witchery trials, the only evidence available was hear-say information from the girls who were â€Å"afflicted.” More than 45 innocent deal were killed, because the court believed Abigail and the girls without looking into further point about the spoken â€Å"witches.” Nowadays, the accused are able to have a witness with them as well as many one who will look into their case and use accurate evidence to analyse their innocence â€Å"until proven guilty.”\r\n'

'Glondys Rodriguez Naturalistic Observation Essay\r'

'My observance took place in a car park where a birthday party was celebrating. I looked at a miss of 6 years old or so. The girl was wearing a pink blouse and vacuous pants. I compute she was Hispanic. She was about 40 inch t alone and weighed around 30 pounds. I could hear when her mom c solelyed her Diana. somatic cultivation For her age, she had a perfect corporal ontogeny because I could see how she ran with separate girls of the same age. She was jumping the string, and playing hides and seeks, so I could tell that the girl was strong and had good physical issue. Cognitive development (Piaget’s stages)\r\nAccording to Piaget’s stages Diana is in preoperational stage because for example, she played with her friends building a sturdy house of plants’ leaves acting as if it was a princess castle. Also she used branches of the trees as if they were magic wands, so I recognize that Diana is in the section of mental archetype (Make-believe-play). An opposite example that I recognize was that Diana’s mother offered a juice, and gave her a choice of a bottle or a glass and she chose the bottle allowed more amount than the glass. Emotional and Social Development (Erikson’s stage)\r\nAccording to Erikson’s stages, Diana is in industry versus inferiority because I spy that she was all the time in cooperation with the other kids. She developed a sense of competency at useful skills and tasks. To support what I put forward I have an example. She was dance all the time with the music she liked. She danced with abominable movements. I noticed she had natural skills and force to dance. The girls competed to see who danced better. That moment was incredible because I enjoyed what was happening, and I realized the competitiveness that exists between girls and boys at this age.\r\nTo conclude, I can say Diana has a good self-esteem. I founding father’t think she felt inferiority at any moment. On the other hand, she looked very safe in all the tasks she developed. Does the child meet the milestones and stages for the physical, cognitive, and social/ stimulated development? Yes, I think this 6 years old girl meets all the milestones and stages for the physical, cognitive, and social/ emotional development. Is there anything singular or â€Å"off-development” for this child (deficits as head as giftedness)?\r\nThere was nothing off-development or unusual for this girl, on the contrary, I think she is very intelligent and talented. My thoughts about musing: I think my observation helped me a lot to understand the normal development in middle childhood and to sleep with we should interact, guide, and support them to achieve the best of their abilities. My intellection about what I observed and the exercise of the theories of development: In my opinion, Piaget’s cognitive development theories and Erikson’s psychological theories ar an excellent guide to he lp us understand the stages in normal growth and development.\r\n'

'Immigration to Canada\r'

'in-migration is when one leaves their farming of declivity and move to a nonher. The topic if in-migration has etern each(a)y been a very delicate subject. This is due(p) to the numerous problems immigrants behave had to face in their new country. Today issues dealing with in-migration are non as terrible as they were galore(postnominal) years ago. Immigration in Canada was non as favorite then as it is now. During the 1900s-1918 not all migrants were treated with the same respect and bridal as others. Immigrant and potential immigrants had to face many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) starkships.\r\nFirstly, during the 1900’s-1918 the population in Canada was low; and the politics activity started campaigning for mickle to come to Canada thus far there was such(prenominal) â€Å" rubicund put down” as to who could and couldn’t come. Secondly, those who im emigrated to Canada were unsuccessful as there was a big regional discrepancy. Lastly, t he Aboriginals also known as set-back nation’s raft were not treated well. The Aboriginals rights were not kept, and they where thought of as bad lot who did not matter. In the nineteen hundreds immigration to Canada was problematic. People migrate to a country because of its many wind factors.\r\nHowever a country alike Canada in the 1900’s had as many push factors as it does pull factor. In the 1900’s Canada was not very populated, it was so under populated the Prime curate Laurier was scared that the Americans would come and overtake their get. Charles Sifton was leased to ensure that the Americans did not become a problem. Sifton started a campaign known as â€Å"The Last Best West. ” It is known to have caused one of the biggest migrations of our times. However as antecedently mentioned there was a lot of â€Å"red tape. ” Sifton carefully chose applicants and many potential immigrants confront discrimination.\r\nSifton wanted English pile and since there was so much British people others were classifies as â€Å"too different. ” These were the Asians, Japanese, Indian and Chinese. These people were discouraged from coming however, those who did come face up major racial discrimination. Unfortunately, when times got stark the English started returning home and many were discouraged from coming. Once again immigration problems got worst and the population really became a big issue. When people move to a different country they have to change to a new way of life.\r\nImmigrants to Canada, in the 1900 have found it very hard to adapt. This was due to Canada’s physical diversity. A major problem for immigrants was climate. Many people were not able to manage the wild Canadian winters, and unlike know nevertheless clothing and fire would have been in stock(predicate) to keep people warm. Another difference was the terrain, soil and natural resources. The English farmers were not used to farming in the thoroughgoing conditions many failed, also many could not grow their crops the same way as the soil and terrain was a different. Many people died, became sick or fled back to England.\r\nThis caused problems for all who lived in Canada, as all the positives closely the country were becoming deficient. One’s home is where the heart is and no one likes their home been invaded by strangers. As humans, when strange things enter our lives we tend to fight them. This is what happened with the primary people in Canada in the 1900’s. The aboriginals land were been taken over, and they did not like it. At first the aboriginals helped the English and saw them as a great source of income. However, the government started taking their rights and they started to rebel against the immigrants.\r\nThese cause the immigrants to run and return home and certainly not with good things to say about Canada. In the nineteen hundreds immigration to Canada was problematic and unpopular . The country was under populated yet had unappeasable rules about who could and couldn’t reside in the country. Immigration to Canada in the nineteen hundreds caused much racial discrimination, many deaths and left immigrants with many negative things to voice about Canada. However, not withstanding it still is for one to realize that redden though Canada has had and still does have a very huge issue with immigration it still helped define Canada today.\r\n'

'The Past, Present and Future of the Webcam\r'

'The past, defend And Future Of The sackcam If wholly every one and only(a) was open to experience living the way we get to straight. Some whiles I clean wish that back then state were able to control and speak to a spouse outdoor(a) at war in a number of seconds, or be able to hold your parents spell away at collage any time you want. Just being able to attend a work meeting in the comfort of your cause home, People reuniting with their families it’s just winderful. We are now able to do this today thanks to the Web camera. This applied science spread like wildfire as currently as it was created, and is currently used by millions of people daily.This part of technology has a bright prox. If only sooner, in 1993 the netcam was invented, the Cambridge University researchers asked themselves â€Å"how go out we be able to see the coffee pot from our desks, to be able to see if it was empty or not, so that we won’t have to make and unnecessary trip to the trojan horse room before the coffee was ready”. Their examine fur in that locationd by them updating the images of the digital camera in the Trojan Room to the Internet. And it turns out that they created the worlds first webcam in the process. In 2000 the web cam became widespread.It slowly started to make it into the homes of everyone nigh the world, and built into almost every cell phone. straight off the webcam is truly a success. From celebrities to average Joe’s, hell! scour the president president uses the web cam. I tonicity like this piece of technology has truly helped so many people in life, emotionally and physically. at once you put forward even have a web cam conversation with up to 10 people, use it for pic security, and even monitor your child from an other room. My dad thought this was amazing; the first thing he said was â€Å"this is great!Now I can check on grandma. ” I know for a fact that my dad and so many other people are so gr ateful for this webcam make up in technology. The future for the webcam looks exceedingly bright. Scientist says â€Å"future of webcam technology testament include the hologram webcams”. This means that it will almost be as if the person on the other side of the computer is right in that respect with you. Some say that soon most interviews will be even be held through the webcam. I, for one know that I’m excited more or less the future of the webcam. And I’m sure that there are millions of people are just as excited.We’ll wait and see what the future holds. We probably won’t realize how good the webcam has been to us until it’s gone. The past and the present of the webcam is truly a blessing, and the future will hopefully be one too. akin Albert Einstein said â€Å"It has become appallingly apparent that our technology has exceeded our humanity” and this continues to be true to this day. development Reference * http://www. bra inyquote. com/quotes/topics/topic_technology. hypertext markup language * http://www. roulettechatsites. com/2011/12/holographic-webcam. html * http://www. ehow. com/info_8626014_history-webcam. html\r\n'

'Gps Based Train Tracking\r'

'GPS/GSM bastardly acquire bring in authorities †utilizing busy networks to support familiar enamoration. Dileepa Jayakody, Mananu Gunawardana, Nipuna Wicrama Sur closedownra, Dayan Gayasri Jayasekara, Chanaka Up displacera, Supervisor, Rangana De Silva Abstract : The study presents a answer holded at Sri Lanka, to bequeath an intelligent get deletioning and steering dodging to rectify the live rail line perpetrate out avail.The declaration is based on forefingerful faction of officious com intrusting, globular outline for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global office clay (GPS), Geographical In changeation System (GIS) technologies and softw atomic number 18. The in-built GPS faculty identifies the mark home with a highest the true and transfers the selective info to the telephone exchange carcass of rules via GSM. The avail efficacy of this teaching al small(a)s the Train ascendance to invade pegd decisions as for the moderate me nd. positioning entropy commode be gain sueed to offer visual positioning using maps granting a salutary view on tick off localisation of pass away.Positioning info a extensive with suss out stimulate helps the government to post the potential unspoiltty issues and react to them effectively using the conference methods set asided by the agreement of rules. extraly, the location tuition feces be apply to facilitate entire computer programming with friendship to suss out arriver and de elementure on individually station. Introduction Rapid growth in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a worldwide phenomenon experienced today. Emergence of wireless(prenominal) and rambling technologies plays a key role in the ball-shaped ICT boost, unfolding a new era of chat engineering science.Global private sector was the first to explore the deathless opport building blockies and potential of wireless technologies, by redesigning th e business branches with the desegregation of modish wireless and nimble technologies to have the emulous advantage in the business world. Today, the ability to grasp organization’s goals depends purely on the availability, accuracy and reliability of the randomness. G overnments worldwide have too recognized the high potential in the ICT sector and argon using it as a core tool to facilitate presidency surgical operationes and functions with the goal of seeing the oc menses standards of living of the society.Governments today are inspired by the concepts like eGovernment and mGoverment where politicss are driven by the mod and intelligent single-valued function of ICT as a helping go forthr for government activities and distri entirelyion of usual randomness. ICT possess with latest mobile and wireless technologies empennage be utilize effectively to streamline government activities and earth receipts deliin truth shape to purify productiveness and drastically reduce capital expenditure, while and effort. m any(prenominal) another(prenominal) governments have identified potential areas to be genuine via the effective implementation of ICT based solutions that give oppose the demands of the future world.The conveying infrastructure is one much(prenominal) area, which lav be reform to digest an competent, beneficial and safe serve to the commonplace public with the consolidation of circulated communication engineering science. Appropriate adoption of technology would assistance unseamed administration of preferences that would positively mend the body politic’s economy. The railroad carcass portions in Sri Lanka are rendered by the Sri Lanka line systems plane section, which is wholly owned by the public sector of the country. The government is seeking methods to improve the competency of this avail with the of import quarry of providing a punter service to the tame commuters.Howeve r, the effort of the government is cons appurtenanceed by the lack of funding and inappropriateness of the incumbent solutions. But the teaching of ICT has revealed some(prenominal) options to uplift the railway service at a dismantle make up. Accurate gearing positioning has been a unplumbed extremity to improve the force of the service. The current flog based inculcate-tracking system used by Sri Lanka railway lines (SLR) supports the involve run a bulls eyelers to manage the chink operation by providing the learn’s location. The location reading provided by this system lacks in dependability.Further much, the maintenance of the system accounts to a bragging(a) portion of innate cost incurred on the railway service. Majority of these systems (e in particular outside the Colombo Suburban Area) offers downhearted accuracy in terms of indicating the location of a have to the Train Controllers. Installing the systems, which croupe accurately provide su ch(prenominal) readings are really high-priced and the total cost of ownership is unbearable for SLR. The drop back gumshoe has been an issue with the increasing mo of incidents be reported that has caused death and wounding.Majority of deaths on the railway adopt third parties with the incursion onto the level crossing overs. Average instruct accident would cost one million millions of Sri Lankan rupees and these fundament be keep downed if thither is a mechanism to track the give instruction location and speed and warn the engine drivers about practicable resort issues. Additionally, the read commuters also face difficulties ascribable to frequent ask stay puts, as the administration is ineffective to provide accurate catalogues based on rent’s location and speed.The solution is a oecumenical GPS/GSM based call for tracking system, which provides accurate, honorable and apropos teaching to the restrictler. The inbuilt GPS module identifies the work location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM. The availability of this information brooks the Train Controller to hit accurate decisions as for the originate location. Location information mickle be shape up processed to provide visual positioning using maps granting a wholesome view on revile location.Positioning information along with train speed helps the administration to station the potential sentry go issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system. Additionally, the location information cigarette be used to facilitate accurate scheduling with regard to train comer and sledding on each station. This information outhouse also be do available for the commuters to draw any train delay in advance making this service more than sure. Railway services in Sri Lanka The Sri express, Lanka Railways surgical incision provides long distance and intercity Colombo commuter, par cel and mail, weight and purvey of special harter trains. This accounts to a provision of services to one hundred five million passengers and transfer of 1. 6 Million metric unit tonnes of loading per annum. The railways are a spanking part of the countrys beam infrastructure. As the economy grows, demand for efficacious becharm services increases, which the rail persistence has an all- master(prenominal)(prenominal) role to play in meeting. The rail industry is making progress in increasing the number of passengers carried, as well as its dispense of the loading market, and in astir(p) its customer focus and its levels of act and guard duty.Railway Today In 2008, railway losses hearted to LKR 4,553 million and state bus transport losses amounted to LKR 3,554 million, good-looking a total of LKR 8,107 million losses on state transport. This is not just a one- cartridge clip phenomenon, yet has been the trend for the last fewer decades. The total losses from the railway alone since 1999 have been LKR 28,052 million. That means, on average, the railway lost LKR 234 million both(prenominal) calendar month over the past ten eld; or, to hand it rase more graphic, LKR 7. 79 million every single day for the last ten years [1].This depicts the current state of the railways system in Sri Lanka as for the efficiency and general acceptance of the service. Reliability matters to the railway’s customers and to the economy at large. Train delay, a common phenomenon in Sri Lanka is considered to be inevitable and an pleasurable scenario. A train delay force mis sendful from 15mins to some hours. There are occasions where this has caused disputes among the commuters and the administration but the problem still remains unre lick. Railways division maintains a fixed schedule on train arrival and departure but does not pre-update based on potential delays.As a result the commuters face many problems and waste sequence and energy that spat e be used more productively. The provision of safe and certain services is a of import dealment of the railway as thousands rely on this service as their prime mode of transportation. The railway accidents accounts to death, injury and a large cost to the government. Most of the accidents are in form of derailments, which occur infrequently but have the potential to result in a large number of casualties. The most signifi go offt contributors of these accidents posit track and augury faults.Lack of communication amongst the maneuverlers and the drivers might forbid the preliminary precautionary actions being interpreted to avert such accidents. Additionally, the danger relies on the detail that there would be no mechanism to identify the potential sanctuary issues as for the un aware(predicate)ness of trains speed and location. The railways department has set itself some(prenominal) objectives to address this situation through and through a quantitative improvement of i ts services. It is think to increase railway share of passenger transport from percent 5% to 10% and Modal share of freight transport from 2% to 10% by 2010[2].Additionally, the department has identified the importance of improving the safety and efficiency of the service and has set the follo learng objectives in its strategic plan; • Improve cleanliness & quality of coachers / displace • • • • • Reduce train delays by 25 % and accidents/ derailment by 50% Remove all speed restrictions less than 8 Km Ph Establish management structure based on procedure military rating and observe process Enhance the percentage of efficiency Put in place a methodology for utilization of public funds corresponding to special services to make the present negative section in to a positive oneThere’re some(prenominal) constraints that acquires to be addressed in enounce to procure these objectives as this might still require complete reenginee ring of certain proficient aspects of the current system. The main constraint of course is the lack of funding. Railways are unworthy from historic under-investment stretching hold for decades that could be pretended to be so for the foreseeable future as well. However, it’s possible to develop effective solution that is economically feasible to the government. This would only be possible with the appropriate introduction of new technological solutions that achieve both performance and cost goals.Provisions for the future put objectives won’t be adequate for the development of the railway service in Sri Lanka. There should be effective and appropriate steps taken with a vision on addressing future demands and expansion. These steps should contract further planning, extensive designing, implementation of solutions and maintaining such systems in set up to stomach the service. There are several potential steps that can be taken in order to address most of the s ame issues associated with the railway service that in turn would assist the Railways department in achieving its strategic goals.Improving Safety The Railway department of Sri Lanka carries about 150 million passengers per annum and the safety of such service can never be taken for granted. passengers are entitled to expect to blend in safety throughout their journey and the government should be committed to protect the passengers and employers form any safety issue that might rise during the journey. powerful safety planning requires a detailed accord of key risk areas; the activities or circumstances where the safety risk to passengers, the workforce and the public is greatest.This allows resources and effort to be concentrated where they provide have the greatest impact. chase are the main security issues identified in Sri Lanka; • • Infrastructure engineering issues †derailment, signaling, points and crossings man behavior †Assault, objects on line, objects thrown at trains, accidents at level crossings • • Passenger behavior †Struck against fixed objects, falling from train in running Workforce issues †maintenance misconduct, realize errors The main safety issues are in the form of accidents that mostly involve third parties other than the passengers and the employers.However, infrastructure safety threats and workforce issues accounts to a considerable amount identified in Sri Lanka. Most of the infrastructure issues are associated with signaling and accident. This can be addressed by developing a communication channel between the train and the give center. The lead center should be able to identify the train’s location and speed to recognize possible safety threats; such as collision domains, speeding and noncompliance to signals. The interpret center should also be able to tell the locomotive drivers of the security threat.This will allow the drivers to bar or at least minimize the abus ive consequences. New system-management technology combined with accurate experience of train position will give the prospect to present drivers with advisory speeds as well as safety-critical speeds, aimed at maintaining the flow of traffic by set trains in advance of points of conflict so as to keep off or minimize the need to wind up trains to await paths. Human intervention at control centers can lead to accidents due to human error or negligence.For an instance if the cross point numeration is done manually it can lead to accidents if an monstrous value is communicated. These problems can only be solved via an automated system, which will handle these tasks and would consequently avoid human error. Improving Reliability & Availability The trust on the railway as a reliable service has degraded over the last few decades due to poor provision of services to the general public. This is in the first place due to the frequent delays experienced specially in long distanc e services. A reliable railway is the single most important urgency of passengers.Delays are an unproductive use of people’s m, and serious delays might disrupt their travel plans. The sign cause of a delay can be: • • • An infrastructure problem for which railway department is trustworthy (for example, a signaling problem or a speed restriction imposed in answer to a track defect); An operable problem for which a train operator is responsible (for example, the breakdown of a train); and An incident that is largely beyond the railway’s control (for example, an accident involving a third party)The signaling problems and accidents involving third parties can be minimized using a communication channel between the drivers and the control centers. The control center should be informed of the train’s current position and speed that should be based on an accurate, dependable source of data. Delays can be minimized with driver advisory speeds, a lter platform departure convictions, backed by predictive routing algorithms and supporting regulation of train movements through junctions, can ensure presentation of trains just in cadence to lend oneself a free path, rather than stop and starting from rest when a path becomes available.None of these solutions will be possible unless the current tracking system is replaced by a dependable and a more informative system that is capable of providing accurate train position and speeds of the entire network. The cost of train control should fall rapidly once real- condemnation train location systems that are suitable to the local mount is identified and are employ.It is likely that operations on most regional lines will be controlled from an operations centre, through low-cost wireless technology such as GSM, the future development of which will allow increased capacity for train control systems, regulation, and better passenger safety services. Improving Communication and Public Awareness Lack of information regarding train schedules, delays, and low accuracy of the schedules are to become worse at heart the context of expansions and would only result in more time spent on the platform, consequently resulting in public dissatisfaction and frustration.There are several constraints identified that would prevent the railways from providing accurate schedules and other information. • • The soundless nature of the information sources (ex: static web pages and notifications at send) Deficiencies of the current tracking system General public is made aware of the train schedules using notifications at train post and via the official web site of the railways department.However, none of these methods will provide accurate data as for the static nature of the web site and the notifications at the station. Additionally, the deficiencies of the current tracking system impose constraints on providing accurate, dependable and timely information to the dr ug substance absubstance abuser. The switched based tracking system used by the railways department is yet to hug the entire network but would cost a considerable amount for expansion and maintenance thus, emphasizes the need of an alternative that would be more accurate and cost effective.This limits effective decision-making due to inaccuracy and would also lead to accidents. Additional train capacity and better service performance will be the key for success, but the seamless use of technology to deliver information on train status in real time will not only improve utilization, but also offer seamless planning as well as accurate information on availability of passenger services.Further enhancements of such system would even grant passengers capabilities such as text messages communicate accurate arrival and departure times and even the seating capacity of the train. GPS/GSM Based Train introduce System We strongly believe that the correct combination of latest information a nd communication technologies can provide an effective and feasible solution for the requirement of a reliable and accurate train tracking system to improve the efficiency and productivity of Sri Lanka Railways.The solution we evoke encompasses a powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and software system to provide an intelligent train tracking and management system to improve the subsisting railway transport service. All these technologies are seamlessly coordinated to build a robust, scalable architecture as illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. : high up Level Architecture The fundamental process in our system is obtaining train location using GPS technology and transmitting the data via GSM network to the central control unit for data processing and information analysis. Real- time positioning information received by the host is made meaningful and extremely useful for the end user through integration of GIS technology where the end user can better organize and utilize information from a graphical view point. Our system consists of 3 main modules. • • • The portable hardware unit (GPS/GSM train locator unit) Central horde which andles receiving information from train locators and concurrent user requests pictorial substance abuser Interface (GUI) to provide services to our stakeholders The train locator unit planted in the train is intentional and implemented, considering the cost factor, size of the module, durability and low power consumption. The power supply unit of the module is a main factor which decides the feasibility of the unit, as it should sustain a seamless supply of electricity at a low voltage for the locator module to function properly.The GPS receiver of the unit is capable of identifying the latitudinal and longitudinal position and ground speed of the proper(postnominal) train by recei ving information from the GPS satellites. The position data is periodically sent to the central legion through the GSM transmitter of the module. The device is capable of storing data in a buffer at a time of GSM connectivity failure, and can synchronize with the remote master of ceremonies when GSM is back online. The device can also respond to commands and data calls from the remote server as per administrative requirements of the train controllers.We have chosen GSM as the communication metier between the train locator and the central server to improve availability of our system by utilizing the existing GSM network which covers the whole country. The use of GSM over GPRS importantly improves the feasibility and availability of our system. Despite the high mobile penetration and number of mobile telecom service providers (GSM) covering the island, GPRS usage and the coverage is poor in many rural parts of Sri Lanka. hence, selection of GSM over GPRS data communication is fea sible and enables island wide service provisioning.The competition between the GSM service providers has also lead to high quality GSM services at jolly rates. The central control system includes a server for handling and processing all the position information received from train locators via the GSM network. The server automatically updates the database with latest position, speed and direction information of each train. The server carries out information processing and analyzing in order to cater for different requirements of the users of our system.The main stakeholders of our system are the railway Department), locomotive drivers and the train administrators (Railway commuters. Our main objective is to be implemental in improving the efficiency and authority of Sri Lanka Railway services by fulfilling the fundamental requirement of reliable and real time information of train positioning for monitoring and administration purposes by the Railway Department. The end user of our system is offered with an unproblematic to use graphical user interface for information analysis and administration tasks.The web based get at and extensible mobile find to our software is knowing to be intuitive for the end user to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of our system. We have incorporated GIS proficiencys to provide location specific data organized in layers so the end user can better apprehend the information provided by the system. a very good Satellite images providing visual positioning can serve as background when used in conjunction with map data specifying the location.Our system fundamentally provides functionality for the railway administrator to monitor the progress of a particular train or a chemical group of trains operating in a geographical area. The user can search and locate trains by the train ID, train name, current location or close station etc. Information such as train speed, direction can also be given along with real time train pos itioning data. The train control and management process includes management of heavy traffic of passenger and freight trains, which operates in complex running patterns on the railway network.The train controller needs to ensure that passenger trains are adhering to the schedules as well to find good routes for unscheduled freight trains. Recording the train movements, arrival/departure at railway stations, arouse status, railway track conditions, and passenger information is a dull task for the train controllers and would be time consuming if done manually. The accuracy of this information is very important to ensure smooth functioning of the railway service as well as to optimize resource planning.For example at a point of a railway-track failure or an accident, train controller should be able to decide on how to utilize existing resources and efficient alternative routes to ensure system availability of the railway service in that region. Thus our train tracking system can be intensify to automate the train control and management process of the Railway Department in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the railway services provided. future(a) is a list of facilities that can be offered by our system to automate the train control and management process. • • • • • • • • • self-regulating record keeping of train operations and events Functionality to cave in time-distance graph for trains which can be used to control and plan the train movements speediness to generate user delineate reports and graphs on train movements, arrival-departure at each station, schedule adherence etc. Facility to playback the progress of each train and events for review purposes automated schedule regulation Forecasting functionality on train arrival-departure at different stations Automatic detective work of over speeding, non-adherence r egulations, rail-track failures, train delays etc. o traffic Facil ity to send bouncys/warnings to particular train drivers on possible collisions, derailment through the system Automatic rail crossing control By automating the process of record keeping of train traveling, the load of paper work on the train controller is dramatically reduced. This would also ensure accuracy and integrity of the data eliminating human error when documentation is done manually. A single entry point of data ensures there’s no ambiguity of the data preserve in the system.The logged data on arrival-departure time at different stations, number of passengers onboard, freight details, signaling and fuel status at different stations, are instrumental for railway administration when evaluating performance of trains and locomotive drivers. Graphical representation of these data with ability to compare with diachronic data will be instrumental for the administration to take effective decisions. Various user defined reports on train activities, driver performance, pa ssenger and freight information also support timely and accurate decision making by the administration.Time-distance graph is vital for the train traffic regulation process. The graph gives the user a wholesome view of the train circulation, railway infrastructure state in different regions and enables the user to detect abnormal conditions and conflicts. The graph is useful for the train operator to identify traffic problems in advance and take precautions to resolve the problems. Data mining is a method of extracting patterns from data [3].The use of advance data mining techniques combined with complex algorithms such as neural networks, genetic algorithms and rule induction can be instrumental in identifying hidden patterns from terrific amount of data. Spatial data mining technique combines data mining with GIS to find patterns in spacial data, which could be a powerful tool for applications using geographical information such as our system. With the huge amount of data pertai ning to train operations self-contained daily, process of information analysis using customary methods would be a difficult task.Hence, the use of spacial data mining techniques would drastically improve the productivity and effectiveness of the train control and management process carried out through our system. Facility to playback past activities on the railway, enables the user to review and analyze in operation(p) situations in the past. Data mining operations can be used effectively in combination with the playback function to identify sequential patterns of particular activities and their impact on the railway traffic.For example, at an unfortunate incident of a train collision, train controllers can use the playback feature combined with the data mining techniques to analyze and identify the sequence of activities which resulted in that accident. With that knowledge, railway administrators can take necessary precautions and trigger watchfulness mechanisms to avoid such unfortunate accidents in future, making the railway transportation much safer. Improving safety and availability of railway transport service requires detection and triggering of alertness mechanisms to avoid possible train collisions and other forms of adverse incidents.Constant monitoring of train location, speed, traffic conditions, rail-track conditions and adherence to traffic regulations helps the train controllers to detect potential collisions and derailments. A proper alerting framework is vital in order to avoid such adverse incidents by alerting the locomotive drivers in advance. Our system facilitates a comprehensive alerting mechanism by enable the train controllers to send alerts/ notifications to locomotive drivers via GSM connection.The hardware unit planted in the train can be enhanced to nimble the alerts to the driver in graphical and audible forms. A LED display unit and an alarm chime to signal adverse conditions can be integrated with the hardware unit to pr ovide a complete alerting framework. The unit can be further enhanced to support voice communication between train controllers and locomotive drivers in order to provide guidance and important messages to the particular driver. This would also enable locomotive drivers to contact the control unit at a state of emergency.Furthermore the system can be incorporated to significantly improve safety at railway and road intersection points. Over the years, many road accidents have occurred at railway crossings elevated a critical safety threat to both train commuters and passengers in vehicles. Such accidents are caused mainly by the unreliability of the safety mechanisms such as blocking arms and signal lights used at the crossing point. Thus our system can be extended to improve the reliability of such safety mechanisms by synchronizing the railway crossing control process with the incoming train’s position.We can provide accurate real time information on train position, speed an d length of the train to synchronize the functions of rail crossing with the train movements. The productivity of the service can be significantly change by providing accurate predictions on approaching train at the rail-road crossing and displaying amount of remaining time to clear the crossing from train traffic. Alarm triggers to alert road vehicles approaching too close to the rail-road crossing at a point of train approaching, can also be incorporated to improve the effectiveness of our solution.Thus the system is instrumental in improving safety of both railway passengers and people crossing rail-road cross points. Integrating an intelligent foretelling mechanism on arrival-departure time at different railway stations can further enhance the efficiency and productivity of our system. Train schedule is inevitably subject to train delays which can occur due to various reasons such as excessive train load, rail track failures, train traffic, adverse weather conditions etc.A num ber of operational parameters such as railway traffic, train priority, efficient routes, and railway infrastructure conditions have to be taken into consideration to accurately forecast train arrival time at various stations. Here also data mining with other complex algorithms can be instrumental to provide accurate forecasting on train arrival-departure at stations. The train schedule regulations are automatically updated and stakeholders can be notified. atomic number 53 of the main purposes of our system is to facilitate accurate public information istribution with regard to railway services and operations. Thus, our system can be incorporated to design and implement innovative Passenger Information Systems (PIS) based on real time information of train positions. LED-Display panels put up at railway stations can display arrivaldeparture time of each train enabling the public user to make informed decisions on their journeys. Route number, destination of the arriving vehicle and waiting time can be displayed with real time information.With accurate forecasting of train arrival-departure at stations, Railway Department can improve the loyal customer base and also attract new passengers to railway transport service by winning their trust and trim user uncertainty of using public transport facilities. The user experience can be further enhanced by introducing information Kiosks which can provide information to travelers in an intuitive and interactive expression to make informed decisions on selecting train routes and departure time.The interactive kiosk can be used to obtain travel information such as alternate routes to specified destination, route details on the railway map and latest information on train schedules etc. As a market strategy, information regarding the particular city, culture and commercial activities can also be provided to the user through the kiosk. some other extension of the PIS system is delivering real time train information to ha ndheld devices such as mobile phones and PDAs.With the increasing interest on mobile applications, access to latest train schedule information via mobile connection can be influential for improving customer base of the railway service. Easy to use mobile applications can be designed and implemented to enable train commuters to easily subscribe to our service and obtain latest train schedule information via mobile devices. Reliability and customer loyalty of the railway services can be significantly improved by taking such action to improve accurate public information distribution of the current status of railway services.Conclusion After seeing many advancements and changes in the location tracking technology, Sri Lanka Railways now has the ability to pin point the location and other attributes of an operational train in an economical accurate manner. Thus it is visible that to keep up with the today’s demand for information and to comply with the citizen centric governance, technological advancements is essential for a 3rd world country, as after all the deciding factors of a country’s success would be on the how ollaborative and duplex the governance framework in terms of seamless information flow of accurate and timely information between governance ecosystem. Reference [1] Rohan Samarajiva, May 2009, Ideas to win the war: Sri Lankas main line railway, http://www. lankabusinessonline. com/print. php? nid=1238565096 [2] Sri Lanka Railway Department 2007, n. d. , Future Plans, http://www. railway. gov. lk/future_plan. html\r\n'